AlQalam Journal of Medical and Applied Sciences
AlQalam Journal of Medical and Applied Sciences (AJMAS), eISSN:2707-7179, is an international peer-reviewed open access journal that provides a high-quality peer review process for original research articles, review articles, short communications, and case reports in all areas of Medical and Applied Sciences. AJMAS operates under an open access publication model, meaning that all interested readers are able to freely access the journal online without the need for a subscription fee. Please note that there is an article processing and publishing charge of 100 US Dollars for each accepted manuscript in order for the journal to continue its high performance. All papers are subjected to a peer-review process. Moreover, with the presence of international referees, the process of decision-making on the acceptance/rejection of all submitted manuscripts will be done rapidly and to the highest standards. The journal is owned by the University of Tripoli Alahlia, and the management of the journal is made by the editorial team Editorial Office in Charge Dr. Ahmed Atia editorajmas@gmail.com 00218910737929
Integrating Screen Time Monitoring and Visual Health Interventions Using a Web-Based Application for Children’s Digital Well-Being
Today, children are increasingly exposed to digital devices for educational, entertainment, and social purposes. Although these technologies provide significant benefits, prolonged and uninterrupted screen time has been linked to adverse visual outcomes, including digital eye strain, reduced blink rate, ocular fatigue, and potential long-term effects on visual development. This study presents a web-based system designed to actively promote children's digital eye health by integrating continuous screen time monitoring with algorithm-driven visual break reminders and guided eye exercises. Unlike traditional applications that only record screen usage or provide parental controls, the proposed system provides interactive interventions directly in the user experience. The study involved sixty children aged six to twelve who were monitored over four weeks, with metrics including screen time, adherence to recommended visual breaks, and adherence to guided eye exercises. The results showed significant improvements in adherence to the visual break schedule and exercise completion rate. The proposed system demonstrates how web-based technologies can be leveraged to translate preventive visual health guidelines into practical, engaging interventions that promote healthy digital behaviors among children.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amani Mhrez, Mohamed Elbeshti, Houida Alfoghi, Laila Alkabash https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association Between Serum Iron Levels and Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) in Libyan Male Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Case-Control Study
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is the primary biomarker for long-term glycemic control in diabetes mellitus. However, its validity may be compromised by hematological conditions like iron deficiency anemia (IDA), prevalent in developing regions. This study investigated the association between iron status and HbA1c levels in Libyan patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). A case-control study was conducted at a diabetic center in Al-Bayda, Libya, in August 2023. The study included 52 adult males: 26 T2DM patients and 26 healthy controls matched for age and BMI. Biochemical parameters (HbA1c, serum iron, fasting plasma glucose), anthropometric measurements (BMI, waist circumference), and blood pressure were assessed. Statistical analysis employed t-tests, Pearson correlation, and Chi-square tests using SPSS version 26. The T2DM group had significantly lower mean serum iron (87.2 ± 12.3 µg/dL) than controls (93.5 ± 10.8 µg/dL, p=0.047). A significant negative correlation existed between HbA1c and serum iron (r = -0.331, p = 0.019). Chi-square analysis confirmed a significant association between iron status and glycemic category (χ² = 8.321, p = 0.016). No significant correlations were found between HbA1c and BMI or between iron and BMI. Iron deficiency was significantly associated with elevated HbA1c levels in Libyan T2DM patients, potentially leading to misinterpretation of glycemic control. We recommend incorporating iron status assessment in the routine management of diabetic patients, particularly those with unexplained HbA1c elevations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eman Almaky, Selma Sarour https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Geotechnical Responses of Soils and Nearby Structures to Deep Excavations: Review and Case Study Analysis
Deep excavation projects within city environments often provoke significant shifts in the earth's mass, particularly in stratified layers containing weak soils such as; silty sand and soft clay, which can pose risks to neighboring structures. This article presents a comprehensive review of the application of spatial variability in tunneling and deep excavation and provides useful references in understanding the degradations and damage generated by excavation methods. The paper also presents a two-dimensional finite element analysis of a deep excavation supported by sheet piles, recently constructed in Tripoli, Libya, using the code PLAXIS 2D. The research integrates computer simulations with real-world observations to understand how soil and built structures interact during excavations. Findings of the study reveal that the way the ground deforms depends heavily on soil characteristics, layered formations, the shape of the excavation, and the construction techniques employed. Besides, a 2D soil model effectively simulates the complex behavior between soil and neighboring structures. Furthermore, previous works have proven that the performance of tunnels and deep excavations can be better captured by considering the spatial variability and compared with conventional deterministic analysis methods. Nonetheless, current research still faces many factual scientific problems. Therefore, this paper identifies some research gaps, as well as some recommendations and proposals for future work. Ultimately, the study highlights the importance of developing better predictive tools and practical techniques to carry out deep excavations safely, efficiently, and sustainably within urban settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maryam Gaber, Jamal Alsharef, Salah Hamuda, Ashref Alzawi, Nour Alhuda Mansour https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Multiple Sclerosis: Molecular Pathogenesis, Prevalence, and Major Risk Factors Contributing to Its Distribution in Benghazi City
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system, primarily causing demyelination of neurons. It impacts around 2.8 million people globally, with higher prevalence in the USA and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. MS is a multifaceted condition with an unclear causative origin, believed to arise from a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle influences. Genetic factors play a crucial role in the susceptibility to MS; specific genes, such as TNFRSF1A and TNFSF13B, are associated with an elevated risk and integral to the pathogenesis of MS. Multiple sclerosis risk is also influenced by several environmental factors, including viral infections, smoking, and a deficiency in vitamin D. Highlighting the complex interplay of genetic and environmental influences that contribute to the etiology of MS disease. The study used a mixed-methods design to retrospectively analyze 128 patient records from the Benghazi Medical Centre (BMC) spanning 2021 to 2025, along with a literature review of the disease's characteristics, molecular pathogenesis, and associations with viral infection. This study on multiple sclerosis (MS) in Benghazi indicated a low prevalence of the disease generally, with the majority of cases occurring in women aged 20 to 29, who represented 69% of those diagnosed. Over the course of the study, a gradual increase in cases was observed, starting with 28 recorded instances in the first year and rising to 49 by the final year, reflecting a slight increase in the number of diagnosed MS patients in recent years. Therefore, the present study emphasizes the urgent need for increased public awareness of the risk factors associated with MS, early detection, and the implementation of stronger diagnostic strategies, particularly for viral infections, as well as the establishment of region-specific prevention programs to manage MS effectively in Libya.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maati ELghuol, Fatma ELmestiri, Sara Eljazwi, Zainab Aloraibi, Muna Bushiha, Retaj Alomami, Maram Alfargani, Sarah Salih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Delayed Clamping of Umbilical Cord and Risk of Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Preterm Babies at Souq Alkamees Hospital, Libya
Delayed umbilical cord clamping appears to be beneficial for term and preterm infants. Delayed cord clamping (DCC) improves neurologic outcomes in preterm infants through a reduction in intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) incidence. In term infants, delayed umbilical cord clamping increases hemoglobin levels at birth and improves iron stores in the first several months of life. In preterm infants, delayed umbilical cord clamping is associated with significant neonatal benefits, including improved transitional circulation, better establishment of red blood cell volume, decreased need for blood transfusion, and lower incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis and intraventricular hemorrhage. This study aimed to determine whether delayed umbilical cord clamping is associated with a reduced risk of Intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm babies. The study was conducted at Alkhoms Teaching Hospital, Libya, with 182 cases during the study period, October 2023 to September 2024. In this study, males account for 50.54% and females for 49.45%. The gestational age is denoted in weeks, from 24 weeks to 27 weeks is 19.78%, and from 28 weeks to 31 weeks is 80.21%. The birth weight of the babies varies from 2500 to 4000 grams. The weights 2500 to 3000 g are 16.48%, 3000 to 3500 g are 52.74%, and 3500 to 4000 g are 30.76%. In this table, the time between delivery and cord clamping is noted. First, less than or equal to 10 seconds is 5.49%, 11 to 30 seconds is 6.04%, 31 to 59 seconds is 42.85%, and greater than 60 seconds is 46.11%. The infant death rate in vaginal deliveries is 1.09% and in cesarean deliveries is 0.54%. The grade of hemorrhage 1 is 3.29%, 2 is 1.09%, 3 is 0.54%, and 4 is 1.64%, respectively.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khalifa Abu Faris, Belkasem Abdurahman, Abdul Aziz Abu Ras https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence of Vitamin D and Calcium Deficiency among a Sample of People in the Gharyan City, Western Libya
The study aimed to determine the prevalence of vitamin D and calcium deficiency in a sample of residents in the city of Gharyan, located in the western regions of Libya, based on 300 cases visiting laboratories and clinics and medical clinics in the city for the year 2025 AD, divided into two groups for both sexes with a number of (150) cases, for different age groups from (5-85) years The study reached results showing that vitamin D and calcium deficiency is widespread among cases for both sexes, as the percentage of vitamin D deficiency in males reached 29.34%, and in females it reached 25.66%, calcium deficiency was recorded at 25.34% in males and 24.66% in females. The highest prevalence of vitamin deficiency was recorded in the age group of (46-65) years, at 20.66% in males, and 25.33% in females. Followed by the age group from (26-45) years, with 29% of the total cases, 14.33% in males, and 14.66% in females. This is consistent with many studies conducted in some areas of the entire country, which confirmed that most of the population and different age groups suffer from a deficiency in the level of vitamin D and calcium, despite the country's location in an environmental zone suitable for the availability of sufficient sunlight However, due to some reasons of lack of health awareness, daily lifestyle and some social and dietary habits that have further exacerbated the problem of the spread of vitamin D and calcium deficiency among the population, the study recommended conducting intensive research and studies in various regions and following up on the cases of the population, spreading health awareness through various available means and holding scientific seminars and conferences for specialists, to educate society about the dangers of vitamin D and calcium deficiency on public health Changing habits and daily life patterns, conducting routine examinations, and following a healthy diet to reduce the increasing shortage rates among different age groups of the population.
Copyright (c) 2026 Al Basher Alafi, Ahmed Ashtawa, Marwa Al Mabrok, Abdulali Taweel, Reema Mohammed, Siddig Bushra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Simplified Adaptive Runge-Kutta Method with Competitive Performance for Ordinary Differential Equations
This paper presents a simplified and computationally efficient adaptive Runge–Kutta method for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The proposed approach enhances the classical fourth-order Runge–Kutta (RK4) scheme by incorporating an intelligent step-doubling error estimation strategy, enabling reliable adaptive step-size control without relying on embedded Runge–Kutta pairs or complex Butcher tableaus. By comparing one full RK4 step with two half-steps, the method obtains a robust local error estimate that balances accuracy and computational cost while preserving implementation simplicity. The performance of the proposed adaptive RK4 method is rigorously evaluated against well-established solvers, namely RK45, DOP853, and the backward differentiation formula (BDF), as implemented in the SciPy library. Benchmark tests are conducted on three representative problems: the Van der Pol oscillator, a logistic growth model, and a nonlinear oscillator. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed method consistently achieves high computational efficiency while maintaining accuracy within prescribed tolerances ranging from 10^(-4) to 10^(-6). In particular, the method attains peak efficiencies exceeding 10^4 steps per second across all test cases. These results indicate that the proposed adaptive RK4 algorithm offers a practical and competitive alternative for general-purpose ODE solving, especially in applications where a balance between numerical accuracy, computational efficiency, and algorithmic simplicity is essential.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdulmawlay Tahir, Emad Qasim, Fathi Emharb https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Adaptive Two-Stage Deep Learning Framework for Efficient and High-Sensitivity Breast Tumor Classification in Ultrasound Images
Deep Learning models have demonstrated expert-level performance in classifying breast ultrasound images; however, state-of-the-art architectures often suffer from high computational complexity, rendering them unsuitable for deployment on resource-constrained portable medical devices. Furthermore, existing lightweight models typically prioritize inference speed at the expense of diagnostic sensitivity, a clinically unacceptable trade-off in cancer screening where false negatives can be fatal. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a Risk-Aware Adaptive Two-Stage Deep Learning Framework that dynamically balances computational efficiency with rigorous clinical safety. The framework utilizes a hierarchical architecture, employing EfficientNet-B0 as a rapid Stage-1 screener and DenseNet-121 as a robust Stage-2 specialist. Unlike standard adaptive networks that rely solely on entropy for routing, we introduce a novel Probability Risk Guard and an Aggressive Class-Weighted Training strategy. This ensures that any sample with even a marginal probability of malignancy is forwarded to the specialist model, preventing the premature dismissal of subtle tumor cases. Experimental validation on the Breast Ultrasound Images (BUSI) dataset demonstrates that the proposed framework achieves a Malignant Recall of 100%, successfully identifying all cancer cases in the test set, while maintaining an overall accuracy of 96%. Crucially, the adaptive gating mechanism successfully offloads 68.6% of input images to the lightweight Stage-1 model, significantly reducing average inference latency. These results confirm that the proposed framework offers a viable solution for real-time, high-sensitivity computer-aided diagnosis in clinical settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdelhamid Elwaer, Abdeladeem Dreder https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Major Depression in Patients with Mild Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, represents a significant source of morbidity and mortality in the elderly population. Emerging evidence suggests depression may be a risk factor for cognitive impairment and AD progression. While physical activity is generally recognized for its mood-enhancing properties, its specific role in managing depression in AD patients requires further investigation. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of structured aerobic exercise as an adjunctive therapy for major depression in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease. In a randomized controlled trial, 40 participants (age range: 60-80 years) diagnosed with major depression and mild AD were allocated into two groups. The experimental group (n=20) received a combination of antidepressant medication (SSRI) and a supervised aerobic exercise program, consisting of treadmill walking for 30 minutes at 3.5 km/h, three times per week for four weeks. The control group (n=20) received antidepressant medication only. The primary outcome, depression severity, was measured at baseline, at 2 weeks, and at 4 weeks post-intervention using the HDRS. While both groups showed significant improvements in HDRS scores from baseline (p<0.0001), the experimental group demonstrated a significantly greater reduction in depression scores compared to the control group post-intervention (p=0.001). The mean decrease in the HDRS score was 20.53 points in the exercise group versus 8.13 points in the medication-only group. A structured aerobic exercise program, when combined with pharmacotherapy, is a significantly more effective intervention for reducing depressive symptoms in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease than pharmacotherapy alone. These findings support the integration of supervised aerobic exercise into standard treatment regimens for managing major depression in this patient population.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Shawesh, Wael Elwahshe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mechanistic Determinants of Antibacterial Potency in Libyan and Saudi Monofloral Honeys: Integrated H₂O₂, Acidity, and Phenolic Chemistry
Honey exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity mediated by multiple complementary mechanisms, including hydrogen peroxide production H2O2, phenolic compounds, and intrinsic acidity. In the era of escalating antimicrobial resistance (AMR), such multifactorial activity represents a promising natural strategy that may reduce the likelihood of resistance development. However, comparative data on the biological properties and mechanistic pathways of Libyan and Saudi honeys remain limited. In this study, 180 monofloral honey samples were analyzed, comprising Libyan varieties (Sidr, Athel, and Hannon) and Saudi varieties (Sidr, Talh, and Sumra). Physicochemical quality parameters were evaluated according to Codex and International Honey Commission standards, while bioactive characteristics were assessed through measurements of total phenolics, antioxidant capacity, and hydrogen peroxide generation kinetics. Antibacterial efficacy was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with mechanistic contributions further examined using catalase, polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP), and pH neutralization assays. All samples complied with Codex quality criteria. Libyan Sidr honey demonstrated the highest phenolic content and antioxidant activity, whereas Saudi Talh and Sumra honeys exhibited the greatest H2O2 production. These compositional differences were reflected in antibacterial performance: peroxide-dominant Talh and Sumra showed the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against S. aureus (10–12.5 % (w/v)), Sidr honeys displayed intermediate phenolic-driven activity, and Athel and Hannon relied primarily on acidity. This integrated comparison provides the first mechanistic linkage between floral origin and antibacterial pathways in Libyan and Saudi honeys, highlighting distinct regional translational potentials, with Saudi Acacia honeys suited as peroxide-driven candidates for topical wound care and Libyan Sidr honeys as phenolic-rich nutraceuticals. By clarifying these mechanisms, the study supports the discovery of natural antimicrobial alternatives and contributes to global efforts to combat AMR.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohanned Alwashaish, Faraj Abushalla , Abdulmutaleb Abusiksaka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Distribution and Allele Frequencies of ABO and Rh Blood Types in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya
This study investigates the distribution and allele frequencies of the ABO and Rh blood systems in the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region of Libya. A total of 3,363 individuals from ten towns in the region were included. ABO blood types and Rh factor were recorded from families, and ABO genotypes were inferred by pedigree analysis. Chi-square goodness-of-fit tests were used to compare the proportions of observed ABO phenotypes and Rh antigens across towns. Overall, blood type A had the highest frequency at 33.37%, followed by O at 29.63%, B at 27.92%, and AB at 9.09%. Regarding Rh status, 88.91% of individuals were Rh-positive, and 11.09% were Rh-negative. Allele frequencies for the ABO system in the overall population were estimated as p = 0.280, q = 0.242, and r = 0.478. The allele frequencies of the Rh system were p = 0.766 and q = 0.234. Significant differences across towns were observed for blood types A, AB, and O (p-value = 0.025, 0.000, and 0.001, respectively). However, no significant differences were found for blood types B, Rh-positive, and Rh-negative (p-value = 0.301, 0.990, and 0.093, respectively) across towns. These findings provide useful data for population genetics and transfusion medicine in the region. Further work is needed to examine genetic diversity and population structure in other blood group systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Aljebali, Nisreen Sulaiman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Medication Adherence and Perceptions of Pharmaceutical Care among Patients with Chronic Diseases in Tripoli, Libya
Abstract Medication adherence is crucial for effective chronic disease management, yet non-adherence remains a significant global challenge. Pharmaceutical care, including patient education and counseling, is a pivotal strategy to enhance adherence. This study aimed to assess medication adherence patterns and patient perceptions of pharmaceutical care among patients with chronic diseases in Tripoli, Libya. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted between October and December 2025 in Tripoli, Libya. A convenience sample of 200 adult patients diagnosed with one or more chronic diseases for a minimum of six months was recruited. Data were collected using a structured, pretested questionnaire covering demographic and clinical characteristics, medication adherence behaviors, and patient perceptions regarding the pharmacist's role. The study population exhibited a high prevalence of comorbidities, with 50% of participants having diabetes and 40% having hypertension. Adherence assessment revealed that 40% of patients reported sometimes or often forget to take their medication. A critical finding was the high rate of intentional non-adherence, with 70% of participants reporting they stop their medication if they experience side effects. Regarding pharmaceutical care, a significant majority of patients (85%) believed that the pharmacist’s counseling helps them adhere to their treatment, and 80% expressed a desire to receive more information or counseling from their pharmacist. While patients in Tripoli highly value the role of the pharmacist, the high rate of non-adherence linked to side effects represents a major, addressable barrier to optimal care. The findings underscore the urgent need for health authorities and pharmacists to implement standardized, proactive follow-up protocols focused on monitoring and managing adverse drug reactions. Leveraging the strong patient demand for counseling will be essential to fully integrate pharmacists into the chronic disease management team and significantly improve adherence rates in the region. Keywords. Medication Adherence, Pharmaceutical Care, Chronic Diseases, Pharmacist, Patient Perception, Tripoli, Libya.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ebtesam Beshna, Shamsdoha Aboushagur, Abrar Khalifa Alsbani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Gum Arabic on Hematological Parameters in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Mice
This study evaluated the antihyperglycemic effects of gum arabic (GA) and its impact on hematological parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Swiss albino mice (n=40) were divided into normal control (C),10% GA-treated only group (GA), diabetic Alloxan-induced diabetic group (AX), and alloxan and GA-treated group (AXGA). Diabetes was induced via intraperitoneal alloxan (200 mg/kg), justified by established protocols for reproducible hyperglycemia. Body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and hematological indices (White blood cells, red blood Cells and platelet indices) were assessed over 30 days. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with a significance value of p<0.05. Alloxan-treated mice cause a dramatic increase in FBG to 436±37.55mg/dl vs 130.00±7.74mg/dl in control mice (p<0.05). The FBG in GA-treated mice was increased to 156.67±8.04mg/dl, but was insignificant compared to the control. However, GA treatment in diabetic mice(AX+GA) significantly reduced FBG to 146±10.01mg/dl compared to untreated diabetic mice and restored body weight compared to the AX group. Hematological changes included reduced WBC Number and lymphocyte percentages (to 5.22×103 /µL and 51.7% compared with control, respectively) and lowered Hb (11.5±0.8 vs. 13.2±1.0 g/dL in C, p<0.05). Gum Arabic demonstrates significant antihyperglycemic effects in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. It also exhibits modulatory effects on hematological parameters, suggesting potential anti-inflammatory properties. These findings support the traditional use of GA and highlight its potential as an adjunct therapy for diabetes management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahmoud Elderbi, Ashref Elburi, Arwa Ibrahim, Muatasembellah Buzreiba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Hypericum Perforatum L. Extract on Bacteria Isolated from Used Cosmetic Tools
Cosmetic products and shared cosmetic tools can serve as reservoirs for pathogenic microbes, increasing the risk of cross-contamination and infection. This study evaluated the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of Hypericum perforatum L. extracts against bacteria isolated from cosmetic tools used in beauty salons in Istanbul, Turkey. A total of 40 tools were examined, and bacterial identification was performed using selective media. Antibiotic resistance profiles were determined using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method, and the multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was calculated. Biofilm formation was assessed using the crystal violet assay. Bacterial growth was detected in 77.5% of samples. Isolates included Gram-positive cocci (32.25%), Gram-negative bacilli (22.59%), and Gram-positive bacilli (45.16%). MRSA was identified in 25.80% of isolates, and 70.97% showed alpha-hemolysis. The highest antibiotic resistance was observed against cefotaxime (41.93%), while susceptibility was noted for ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, amikacin, and gentamicin. The pharmaceutical-grade H. perforatum extract showed antibacterial activity (51.61%) and antibiofilm inhibition (60.23%). The market extract exhibited lower antibacterial activity (35.48%) but higher antibiofilm activity (87.55%). These results demonstrate that antibacterial effects on planktonic cells and antibiofilm activity are distinct properties, as stronger growth inhibition did not necessarily correspond to greater biofilm inhibition. The findings suggest that H. perforatum extracts may help control bacterial growth and biofilm formation on cosmetic tools.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khuloud Aljabu, Ipek Ada Alver https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Climate Changes on Sheep Production in Marsa Matrouh Governorate in Egypt, using the Nardl Model Methodology
The study aimed to analyze the impact of positive and negative changes in the variables of maximum and minimum temperatures and rainfall on sheep production in Matrouh Governorate in Egypt. Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) modeling is used from 1998 to 2023. The results showed that negative changes in the maximum temperature (X1NEG) had a positive impact on sheep production, while positive changes in the rainfall variable (X3POS) hurt sheep production (Y) in the study area. Negative changes in the rainfall variable (X3NEG) had no impact. The error correction term coefficient (ECM (-1)) was -1.2490, a negative and statistically significant value. This indicates that sheep production returns to equilibrium after a short-term shock, with fluctuations occurring before stabilization due to excessive correction. In the matter of the long run, the positive changes in the variable X1 (maximum temperature) hurt sheep production. Changes in climatic factors, represented by positive and negative changes in maximum and minimum temperatures and rainfall, affect sheep production in the Marsa Matrouh region, and sheep production is affected by these non-linear and asymmetrical changes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fouzi Salih Faraj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Extract on Early Growth Parameters of Phaseolus vulgaris L.
The effect of fenugreek seed extract on early seedling growth of Phaseolus vulgaris L. was studied in the present work. Six concentrations of extract (0% control, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) were used, and growth parameters were observed daily for 14 days. The results were indicative of a clear concentration-dependent effect. The highest plumule elongation value was observed at 40%, 5.00 cm (a 67% increase compared to the control 2.97cm). Root length was also maximum at 10% concentration (8.00cm), and the maximum number of roots was also observed at 5% concentration (23 roots). Two-way Repeated Measures ANOVA showed significant effects of extract concentration, time, and their interaction (p < 0.05), indicating that seedling responses changed over the duration of the experiment. Tukey's HSD post-hoc analysis revealed significant differences between treatments and varying maxima across growth parameters. Fenugreek seed extract contains bioactive chemicals that influence shoot and root growth, suggesting its potential as a natural biostimulant for leguminous crops.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ashraf Soliman, Naima Mohamed, Fadwa Almiar, Awatef Shlibak Alsbani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Perceived vs Actual Denture Hygiene Among Complete Denture Wearers: A Clinical Survey in Tripoli, Libya.
Edentulism remains a significant global oral health concern. In Libya, where edentulism among adults aged 20 years and above has been reported at 7.6%, complete dentures continue to represent the most common modality for oral rehabilitation. However, understanding hygiene behavior among denture wearers is essential for improving oral health outcomes. This clinical survey aimed to evaluate denture hygiene practices, self-perceived and actual denture hygiene status among complete denture wearers in Tripoli, Libya. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted from August to December 2025 on 62 complete denture wearers recruited by convenience sampling. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire addressing demographics, denture hygiene habits, and self-perceived hygiene. Clinical evaluation of 98 dentures was performed using a plaque-disclosing solution and assessed with the Budtz-Jörgensen denture plaque index. Data were analyzed in SPSS using descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests. Questionnaire reliability was confirmed with Cronbach's alpha, and inter-examiner agreement was assessed using Cohen's kappa. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Most participants were older females with low educational levels. Although most of them self-reported adherence to favorable denture-hygiene practices and rated their dentures as having good or excellent hygiene, clinical assessment showed that their denture hygiene, especially for upper ones, was largely inadequate, as only 20.4% demonstrated optimal hygiene, while a substantial proportion of participants were classified as unsatisfactory (34.7%) or poor (18.4%). Significant associations were found between denture hygiene status and demographic factors (p < 0.05), as well as key hygiene practices (p < 0.001). In conclusion, denture hygiene among complete denture wearers in Tripoli, Libya, was predominantly suboptimal, revealing a clear discrepancy between self-perceived and clinically assessed hygiene standards. Demographic factors and daily hygiene practices significantly impacted hygiene outcomes. These findings highlighted the need for improved patient awareness and organized, evidence-based denture care education to enhance oral health among denture wearers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yusra Elfaidy, Manal Ebribesh, Elham Salama, Tasneem Al-Ajili https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Connection between Topological and Algebraic Equivalence on Topological Hypergroups
Based on the algebraic and topological structure of topological hypergroups, an important question arises. Does topological equivalence achieve algebraic equivalence and its converse?. The purpose of this paper is to show that this claim is false in general. By counterexample, we construct two finite topological hypergroups and define a bijective algebraic isomorphism between them that fails to be a homeomorphism. This example shows that additional conditions are required to establish any equivalence between algebraic and topological isomorphisms in topological hypergroups.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mariam Gassar, Yasser AbouElwan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Heavy Metal Content in Cosmetic Products and their Health Risk Assessment in the Libyan Market
This study aimed to determine the concentrations of selected heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Zn) in cosmetic products available on the Libyan market due to their potential health risks associated with prolonged exposure. Ten cosmetic samples, including face creams and lipsticks, were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Zinc was detected in all samples at concentrations ranging from 0.06 to 2.69 ppm and was the most abundant metal, likely attributable to its intentional use as an ingredient in cosmetic formulations. Lead concentrations ranged from <0.01 to 2.51 ppm, with the highest levels observed in lipstick samples, raising concerns regarding possible absorption through repeated application. Cadmium levels were consistently low in all samples (<0.1 ppm), indicating minimal contamination. All detected heavy metal concentrations were within internationally permissible limits. Moreover, health risk assessment revealed that the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Hazard Index (HI) values for all samples were below unity, suggesting no significant non-carcinogenic health risk associated with the topical use of these cosmetic products.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aborawi Elgornazi, Ezuldeen Aboshaloa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antimicrobial Effect of Aqueous Extract of Moringa oleifera and Juniperus oxycedrus
The present study set out with the objective of investigating the effect of aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera and Juniperus oxycedrus. leaves on four isolates of bacteria: two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella) and two Gram-positive (Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus). The estimation of antibacterial activity was conducted by utilising the Disc Diffusion Technique. The aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera and Juniperus oxycedrus. leaves, when desiccated, are the subject of this study. The extract of Juniperus exhibited sensitivity at rates ranging from 0.2 to 0.7 mm to bacterial isolates of the gram-positive Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Furthermore, an inhibitory zone of 0.4 mm was demonstrated for both gram-negative E. coli and Salmonella. The aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves demonstrated antibacterial properties, exhibiting inhibitory zones of 0.6 mm, 0.7 mm, and 0.1 mm against bacterial strains Streptococcus, Salmonella, and E. coli, consecutively. However, no inhibitory effect was observed against Staphylococcus aureus. A comprehensive investigation into the impact of varying concentrations of Moringa oleifera and Juniperus oxycedrus extracts on bacterial isolates, employing a range of solvents, is warranted.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muftah Omar Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Workload-Aware Energy-Efficient Query Scheduling for Cloud Database Systems: Experimental Study
Energy efficiency is a growing challenge in cloud database systems, particularly for analytical workloads with intensive CPU and disk I/O demands. Traditional query scheduling strategies, such as First-Come First-Served (FCFS) and Shortest Job First (SJF) focus on performance optimization and do not explicitly consider energy consumption. This paper proposes an Energy-Driven Adaptive Scheduling (EDAS) strategy that prioritizes queries based on estimated CPU and disk I/O costs without modifying the database engine. Experiments were conducted on a cloud-based MySQL system using light, medium, and heavy workloads derived from Sakila and TPC-H benchmarks. Results showed that energy-aware scheduling is workload-dependent: SJF performed well under light and medium workloads, while EDAS achieved measurable energy savings under heavy workloads and greater resilience under CPU throttling. The study demonstrates the importance of workload-aware query scheduling for improving cloud database energy efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Slma Tantoun, Anwar Alhenshiri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Fungal Infection on the Fatty Acid Composition of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Oil
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oilseed crop cultivated extensively in many tropical and subtropical regions. Fungal pathogens and root-knot nematodes represent major constraints to peanut production, causing significant yield losses and potentially affecting seed quality. This study investigated the fatty acid composition of peanut oil extracted from healthy seeds and seeds naturally infected with root-rot fungi (Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus) and root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica). Gas chromatographic analysis revealed nine fatty acids in peanut oil, with six identified as palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1n9c), linoleic acid (C18:2n6c), arachidic acid (C20:0), and cis-11-eicosenoic acid (C20:1). The major fatty acids in both healthy and infected seeds were oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids. Infection resulted in decreased palmitic acid (from 13.14% to 12.75%) and linoleic acid (from 36.60% to 33.87%) content, while oleic acid increased from 40.36% in healthy seeds to 43.14% in infected seeds. These alterations in fatty acid profile may affect oil stability, nutritional quality, and industrial applications. This study provides important insights into how pathogen infection can modify the lipid composition of peanut oil.
Copyright (c) 2026 Enas Nasr, Ahlaam Mowloud, Abtisam Alharari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Post-Acidizing Productivity Index Evaluation Using an Integrated Analytical and Multi-Software Nodal Approach: A Case Study of Well O-08, El-Sharara Oil Field, Libya
This study displays an accurate evaluation of the productivity index (PI) of the well O-08 located in the NC115 El-Sharara O-field, Libya, following matrix acidizing treatment. The well was shut in during 2014 due to the country’s security situation, resulting in severe formation damage around the wellbore and a zero value of the productivity index. A matrix acidizing operation for sandstone formations was conducted, and it successfully regained production when the well was reactivated. However, the absence of reliable data before treatment has been a major obstacle to obtaining accurate estimates for its effect on well productivity. The main objective of this study is to accurately determine the post-acidizing PI in order to evaluate the consistency, predictive capability, and reliability of integrated analytical and multi-software modeling techniques. An integrated approach was employed, which consisted of utilizing both the equations' analytical calculations (conducted in Microsoft Excel) and nodal analysis techniques (implemented in the PROSPER and PIPESIM software packages). The results revealed remarkable consistency across all⁠ evaluation methods: analytical calculation yielded a PI of 8.90 STB/D/psi, while PROSPER and PIPESIM produced PIs of 8.83 and 8.81 STB/D/psi, respectively, with an average of 8.82 STB/D/⁠psi, with less than 0.80% deviation⁠ from the analytical result. This high consistency confirms the validity of integrated modeling, which effectively mitigates uncertainties in data-limited conditions. The restored PI of ~8.90 S⁠TB/D/psi confirms the success of the sandstone acidizing design. It is recommended that future well interventions in similar settings adopt this integrated modeling framework to enhance decision-making, improve performance forecasting, and support sustainable⁠ reservoir management under data limitations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nisreen Alkhoja, Darin Touba, Mohammed Alshaebi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of 90-Day Mortality After Open Pancreaticoduodenectomy in Low-Volume VS High-Volume groups: A Retrospective Analysis
Hospital volume is an important factor in outcomes of complex surgeries like pancreaticoduodenectomy. High-volume centers generally report lower mortality due to surgical experience, multidisciplinary teams, and structured postoperative care [1,2]. To compare 90-day postoperative mortality after open pancreaticoduodenectomy between a low-volume group in Libya (AlSaqya clinic) and a high-volume Belgian group (Hospital S7, data from RIZIV/INAMI Convention, Belgian Cancer Registry Team).” A retrospective review was performed for patients undergoing open pancreaticoduodenectomy between 2019 and 2023. Low-volume group data included 21 patients from Alsaqya Hospital, Libya, while the high-volume Belgian group included 2,572 patients. Only open surgery cases were included for mortality comparisons. Patient characteristics, including age, sex, ASA, ECOG, Charlson Comorbidity Index, tumor type (malignant and neuroendocrine), and surgical approach, were recorded. Mortality was analyzed using Relative Risk (RR), 95% Confidence Intervals (CI), and Fisher’s Exact Test. The 90-day mortality rate was 9.5% for the low-volume group and 5.0% in the high-volume group (RR = 1.89, 95% CI: 0.46–7.76; p = 0.36). Patients in the low-volume group had higher comorbidities (mean Charlson Index 4.71 vs. 1.33) and predominantly malignant tumors (20/21), while the high-volume group included both malignant and neuroendocrine tumors. All patients in both groups underwent open surgery. Age, sex distribution, ASA classification, and ECOG performance status were similar between the two groups. Mortality was higher in the low-volume group, but the difference was not statistically significant. These findings highlight the importance of hospital experience, multidisciplinary care, and structured perioperative management. Establishing specialized centers and centralizing complex pancreatic surgery, alongside collaboration with high-volume groups and optimization of local protocols, may further improve outcomes in low-volume settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saleh Abujamra, Ferial Khomaise, Bart Smet, Yousif Hassan, Afaf Abushaala, Mohammed Bin Khalil, Kefah Ibrahim, Yasmine Hajjaji, Salah Eddine Jomaa, Murad Abeed, Ahmed Alkmeshi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Helicobacter pylori Infection and Its Associated Factors in Tripoli, Libya: Realities and Challenges
Helicobacter pylori infection is the main cause of chronic stomach inflammation and the main factor causing stomach ulcers and stomach cancer, affecting approximately half of the world's population. To identify factors associated with H. pylori infection in patients attending various government Hospitals in Tripoli for diagnosis and treatment. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted from April 2025 to August 2025. 72 patients were infected with Helicobacter pylori, 58% of whom were female and 42% male. H. pylori infection to be 19.4% in the 31-40 age group and lowest in the 81-90 age group at 1.3%. Forty-six percent of patients had a university degree. 68% of H. pylori infections were found in people who used a source of untreated drinking water in compared with 32% use bottled water, and people who regularly ate at public restaurants had a slightly higher infection rate 56% compared to those who mainly ate at home. 72% of those who drink stimulants are infected, 74% of patients are smokers and infected, 26% non-smokers and infected too, 60% of patients who use traditional toilets are infected, 25% of patients have undergone histopathology examination, and 24% have undergone stool antigen and testing for Helicobacter pylori infection. Health awareness and educating the public about the risk factors associated with H. pylori infection and taking the necessary measures for a safe life are important factors in reducing this risk to public health. Further studies should be conducted to identify risk factors and develop a comprehensive strategic plan to combat them.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nureddin Musa, Salem Ateeg https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determination of Acetyl Salicylic Acid in Aspirin Tablets Using the Volumetric Method
Drug analysis plays a vital role in ensuring the quality and effectiveness of pharmaceutical products by determining the concentration of active ingredients. This study investigates the use of direct titration for the quantification of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in commercially available aspirin tablets. The research aimed to evaluate direct titration as a simple, economical, and practical method for routine pharmaceutical quality control in Darna City. Aspirin samples were collected from various neighborhood pharmacies supplying medications to local consumers. The concentration of ASA was determined using titrimetric analysis, and the results were compared across different commercial brands. The method demonstrated good precision and operational simplicity, making it suitable for routine analysis. However, limitations in accuracy were observed. The findings revealed variations in ASA content among the tested brands. Although most samples complied with official pharmacopeial standards, the observed differences indicate the need for continued monitoring to ensure consistency and therapeutic effectiveness. This study highlights the importance of improving manufacturing processes and refining analytical methods to strengthen pharmaceutical quality control and maintain drug reliability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Firuze Boujwod, Salema AL-Mansour, Hajar Bouhwih, Mashallah Almalki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dyslipidemia among Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Tripoli University Hospital
Diabetes is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). In patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), atherosclerosis tends to occur earlier in life, leading to increased morbidity and mortality compared with the general population. This study aimed to describe the frequency and pattern of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents with T1DM, and its relation to glycemic control, physical activity, and duration of diabetes in Tripoli, Libya. This case-control study included 131 children and adolescents with T1DM, recruited from the diabetic clinic as the case group, and 71 healthy age- and sex-matched children and adolescents from the casualty department as the control group, all from Tripoli University Hospital. Participants underwent full history taking, clinical examination, and laboratory investigations including glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting lipid profile (triglycerides [TG], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], and total cholesterol [TC]), as well as liver enzymes. There was a statistically significant increase in the frequency of dyslipidemia among diabetic patients (40.46%). The most common type of dyslipidemia was hypertriglyceridemia (26%), followed by hypercholesterolemia (21.4%), elevated LDL-C (13%), and low HDL-C (7.6%). Interestingly, low HDL-C was slightly more frequent in the control group (8.5% vs. 7.6%). The results suggest that dyslipidemia is more common in patients with poor glycemic control, which may play a major role in the development of cardiovascular disease in this population. This study recommends that patients with T1DM undergo routine lipid profile screening, with early intervention and management to reduce long-term cardiovascular risk.
Copyright (c) 2026 Omalmir Gadafi, Khadeejah Ajalal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Experimental Analysis of Performance and Resource Stability in Cloud-Native Microservices
The widespread adoption of microservices architecture has enabled modern technology organizations to achieve greater system flexibility and scalability. However, this shift introduces significant challenges in managing performance and resource stability due to the system's inherently distributed nature. In this study, we evaluate the dynamic behavior of a microservices system, using the Google Online Boutique project as a representative case. Our methodology involved a series of systematic tests, including baseline, stress, and long-duration soak tests, executed within a Docker container environment. We monitored performance using tools such as JMeter and Docker stats. Our experiments identified a maximum system throughput of 115.5 requests per second. Crucially, we observed that exceeding this threshold triggered a nonlinear degradation in response time, which escalated to 2016ms. The analysis pinpointed a computational bottleneck within the Currency Service. Furthermore, the soak test revealed a 12% increase in memory consumption over time, indicating a potential resource leak. These findings underscore the critical importance of Horizontal Scaling strategies and proactive resource management in cloud-native environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abubker Abdelsadiq, Gharsa Elmaresh, Salem Abdusalam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Study of Janumet and Metformin in Glycemic Control among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
This study compares the clinical efficacy of Janumet versus Metformin in improving blood sugar control in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, focusing on physiological differences between the sexes. The study sample consisted of 160 patients, divided equally into two treatment groups of 80 patients each. The study methodology included measuring random blood sugar levels (RBS), fasting blood sugar (FBS), and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) before and after the therapeutic intervention. This was done by reviewing medical records (pre- and post-treatment analyses). Statistical analysis of the data was performed using t-tests for differences and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results indicate statistically significant improvements in patients using Janumet, reducing all measured blood sugar parameters (p < 0.001), with a mean HbA1c reduction of 1.8375. Similarly, Metformin also showed statistically significant reductions across all parameters (p < 0.001), with a mean HbA1c reduction of 0.7625. Comparative analysis revealed Janumet demonstrated significantly greater reductions in RBS, HbA1c, and FBS compared to Metformin (all p < 0.001). The analysis also revealed statistically significant differences in the rate of improvement attributable to gender. In the Janumet group, males showed a clear reduction in FBS (1.9210) while females exhibited greater improvement in RBS levels (1.0238), both with p < 0.001. Furthermore, HbA1c in the Janumet group also showed statistically significant gender-related differences (p < 0.05). In the Metformin group, males demonstrated superior improvement in RBS levels (0.3529) compared to females (0.1956), with p < 0.001. Statistically significant gender-based differences were also identified for HbA1c and FBS in the Metformin group (both p < 0.05). Overall, this study suggests that combination therapy offers a synergistic advantage over monotherapy and highlights the importance of incorporating individual patient characteristics, most notably gender, into the design of a treatment regimen to achieve optimal results.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amal Mohamed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence of Post-tonsillectomy Bleeding: A Case Series Study
Post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage is one of the most serious complications of tonsillectomy and remains a major concern for otolaryngologists due to potential morbidity and mortality. Although tonsillectomy has been widely practiced in Libya for decades, no published local data exists regarding post-tonsillectomy bleeding. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence and the pattern of post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage at Tripoli Central Hospital. The objective of this study is to determine the incidence of post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage and its association with demographic and surgical factors. A retrospective case series study was conducted, including 1,048 patients who underwent tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy between 2019 and 2024. Data collected included age, sex, type of surgery, and type of postoperative haemorrhage (primary or secondary). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16. Post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage occurred in 31 patients (2.9%). Primary haemorrhage was observed in 11 patients (35.5%), while secondary haemorrhage occurred in 20 patients (64.5%). Age showed a significant association with post-tonsillectomy bleeding, whereas the type of surgery did not. Post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage remains a significant clinical challenge. The bleeding rate observed in this study is comparable to those reported in the international literature. Older age was identified as a significant factor, while the type of surgery was not significant.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salem Farhat, Muammer Swelem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0